Browsing by Author "Rovira, Ericka"

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    Cohesion in human–autonomy teams: an approach for future research
    (Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2022-02-08) Lakhmani, Shan G. ; Neubauer, Catherine ; Krausman, Andrea ; Fitzhugh, Sean M. ; Berg, Samantha K. ; Wright, Julia L. ; Rovira, Ericka ; Blackman, Jordan J. ; Schaefer, Kristin E.
    Cohesion is an important property of teams that can affect individual teammates and team outcomes. However, cohesion in teams that include autonomous systems as teammates is an underexplored topic. We examine the extant literature on cohesion in human teams, then build on that foundation to advance the understanding of cohesion in human–autonomy teams, both similarities and differences. We describe team cohesion, the various definitions, factors, dimensions and associated benefits and detriments. We discuss how that element may be affected when the team includes an autonomous teammate with each description. Finally, we identify specific factors of human–autonomy interaction that may be relevant to cohesion, then articulate future research questions critical to advancing science for effective human–autonomy teams. Relevance Statement: The human team literature has provided a foundation onto which human–autonomy team research can build, but the team dynamics, and subsequent states, established in multi-human teams are expected to differ in human–autonomy teams. This manuscript focuses on cohesion, one such state and synthesises elements of human team cohesion and human–autonomy interaction to detail expectations for cohesion in human–autonomy teams. These expectations can serve as a launch point for future research.
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    Detecting Hesitation During Battlefield Wound Treatment on Female Soldiers
    (Springer International Publishing, 2021) Mazzeo, Mark; Chewning-Kulick, Morgan; Pike, William; Cartwright, Joel; Rovira, Ericka; Thomson, Robert
    Trauma care training using a female gender retrofit kit (GRK) may provide for a more realistic environment to decrease any training gaps associated with providing trauma care to men and women. This paper builds upon pilot research [1] indicating participants hesitate when assessing a gunshot wound on a simulated female casualty compared to the same wound on a male casualty and make more errors in placing chest seals on female casualties. Using a 2 (gender of participant) x 2 (gender of the manikin) mixed design, participants must assess and treat two gunshot wounds on each manikin. The dependent measures include initial response time, exposure time, time on task, total task time, exposure success, and accuracy of the chest seals. This experiment identified that participants are more likely to miss gunshot wounds on the female casualty if covered by a bra, and struggle to apply the chest seals appropriately.
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    Enhancing Military Training Using Extended Reality: A Study of Military Tactics Comprehension
    (Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2022-07-08) Boyce, Michael; Thomson, Robert; Cartwright, Joel K. ; Feltner, David T. ; Stainrod, Cortnee R. ; Flynn, Jeremy ; Ackermann, Christian ; Emezie, John ; Amburn, Charles R. ; Rovira, Ericka
    This study identifies that increasing the fidelity of terrain representation does not necessarily increase overall understanding of the terrain in a simulated mission planning environment using the Battlefield Visualization and Interaction software (BVI; formerly known as ARES (M. W. Boyce et al., International Conference on Augmented Cognition, 2017, 411–422). Prior research by M. Boyce et al. (Military Psychology, 2019, 31(1), 45–59) compared human performance on a flat surface (tablet) versus topographically-shaped surface (BVI on a sand table integrated with top-down projection). Their results demonstrated that the topographically-shaped surface increased the perceived usability of the interface and reduced cognitive load relative to the flat interface, but did not affect overall task performance (i.e., accuracy and response time). The present study extends this work by adding BVI onto a Microsoft HoloLens™. A sample of 72 United States Military Academy cadets used BVI on three different technologies: a tablet, a sand table (a projection-based display onto a military sand table), and on the HoloLens™ in a within-subjects design. Participants answered questions regarding military tactics in the context of conducting an attack in complex terrain. While prior research (Dixon et al., Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics III, 2009, 7327) suggested that the full 3D visualization used by the Hololens™ should improve performance relative to the sand table and tablet, our results demonstrated that the HoloLens™ performed relatively worse than the other modalities in accuracy, response time, cognitive load, and usability. Implications and limitations of this work will be discussed.
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    Human–Autonomy Teaming: Team Trust Metrics—Wingman Simulation Study
    (DTIC, 2020-11) Schaefer, Kristin; Brewer, Ralph; Baker, Anthony; Krausman, Andrea; Neubauer. Catherine; Chhan, David; Carter, Evan; Canady, Jonroy; Milner, Alyssa; Seong, Dae Han; Thomson, Robert; Rovira, Ericka
    This report presents the results from collaborative exploratory research designed to identify and assess different metrics of team trust and team cohesion that may be relevant to military human–autonomy teams. This was a simulation study using the Wingman Joint Capabilities Technology Demonstration simulation testbed to conduct manned–unmanned teaming scenarios on Table VI gunnery evaluations. Participants worked as a team to operate a simulated robotic ground vehicle from a simulated command-and-control vehicle to identify and engage targets on a simulated Army gunnery range. Findings suggest the importance of a multimethod approach to analyzing team trust and team cohesion. Traditional metrics based on team performance ratings or self-report are not indicative of the full team-trust relationship. This research provides valuable insights into how different measurement techniques can provide a more global understanding of the trust relationship.
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    Identifying New Team Trust and Team Cohesion Metrics that Support Future Human-Autonomy Teams
    (Springer International Publishing, 2020-06-28) Milner, Alyssa; Seong, Dae Han; Brewer, Ralph W.; Baker, Anthony L.; Krausman, Andrea; Chhan, David; Thomson, Robert; Rovira, Ericka; Schaefer, Kristin E.
    A driving simulation study of a manned-unmanned vehicle gunnery team was conducted to assess potential metrics of team trust and cohesion for evaluating future human-autonomy teams. Cadet dyads worked with a veteran commander within a driving simulation to direct a weaponized robotic ground vehicle from a command and control vehicle and identify and engage targets on a gunnery range. Subjective, behavioral, performance, communication, and physiological data were collected to identify possible team trust and team cohesion metrics. Findings suggest that performance, behavior, and physiological data may provide useful windows into the trust and cohesion exhibited by crew members in human-autonomy teams.
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    Predicting individual differences to cyber attacks: Knowledge, arousal, emotional and trust responses
    (2021) Pyke, Aryn ; Rovira, Ericka ; Murray, Savannah ; Pritts, Joseph ; Carp, Charlotte L. ; Thomson, Robert
    Cyber attacks are increasingly commonplace and cause significant disruption, and therefore, have been a focus of much research. The objective of this research was to understand the factors that might lead users to fail to recognize red flags and succumb to cyber events. We investigated users’ knowledge of cyber attacks, their propensity to trust technology, arousal, emotional valence, and situational trust in response to different types and severity of cyber attacks. Our findings suggest that high-risk attacks elicited more arousal and more negative emotional valence than low-risk attacks. The attack-type manipulation revealed that phishing scenarios yielded distinctive patterns, including weaker affective responses than ransomware and other malware. The authors further examined arousal, emotional valence, and situational trust patterns among the subset of high- knowledge participants who successfully identified all the attacks and compared these responses with those of less knowledgeable peers. Our findings suggest that the more knowledgeable the user, the higher was their general propensity to trust technology, the more sensitive were their emotional responses to the manipulation of risk, and the lower their situational trust when faced with cyber attack scenarios.